From Desert Battlefields To Coral Reefs, Private Satellites Revolutionize The View

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A satellite photo of the eastern Syrian town of Baghouz, the last holdout of Islamic State fighters in early 2019. Satellite images revealed that many civilians remained in the town as well, which led to a pause in the bombing by the U.S. and its allies. The red dots, which were added by Human Rights Watch, reflect sites that were bombed.

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Lyons, who’s based in Geneva, Switzerland, has a job title you wouldn’t expect at a human rights group: director of geospatial analysis. He says satellite imagery is increasingly a crucial component of human rights investigations, bolstering traditional eyewitness accounts, especially in areas where it’s too dangerous to send researchers.

«Then we have this magical sort of fusion of data between open-source, eyewitness testimony and data from space. And that becomes essentially a new gold standard for investigations,» he said.

Satellite photos used to be restricted to the U.S. government and a handful of other nations. Now such imagery is available to everyone, creating a new world of possibilities for human rights groups, environmentalists and researchers who monitor nuclear programs.

‘A string of pearls’

They get those images from a handful of private, commercial satellite companies, like Planet and Maxar.

For the past three years, Planet has done something unprecedented. Its 150 satellites photograph the entire land mass of the earth every day — more than one million images every 24 hours. Pick any place on earth — from your house to the peak of Mt. Everest — and Planet is taking a photograph of it today.

«If you could visualize a string of pearls going around the poles, looking down and capturing imagery of the earth underneath it every single day,» said Rich Leshner, who runs Planet’s Washington office.

Scroll through Planet’s photo gallery and you get a bird’s eye view of the state of the world: idle cruise ships clustered off Coco Cay in the Bahamas, deserted streets around normally bustling sites like the Colosseum in Rome, and the smoke from the relentless fires set by farmers clearing land in the Amazon rainforest.

U.S. government satellites are the size of a bus. Planet’s satellites are the size of a loaf of bread. Planet is in business to make money, and its clients include the U.S. military and big corporations. But it also works with lots of non-profits and other groups it never anticipated.

Like local governments that monitor how much legal marijuana is being grown in their communities.

«I am often surprised what people can think of when they are looking at something every single day,» Leshner said.

Monitoring nuclear programs

When Melissa Hanham got out of graduate school about 15 years ago, she wanted to study clandestine nuclear programs.

«I wanted to know what was happening in North Korea,» she said. «I couldn’t go there. It’s not the kind of place that would let some strange lady walk around and learn things.»

Lucky for her, Google Earth was just getting off the ground.

«I didn’t really know what I was doing yet. So I was sort of like, ‘Well, where would I launch a missile from?'» she recalled. «So I searched around the town until I was sure I found the place. That was a really critical moment because it meant that me, Melissa Hanham, regular lady, could figure out where North Korea launched missiles.»

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A satellite image from Planet Labs, a private satellite company, shows the exhaust from a North Korean missile test on May 4, 2019.

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A satellite image of the reef off Australia’s Heron Island. Vulcan, a U.S. company founded by Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft, is using satellite images to map all of the world’s tropical, shallow-water reefs. The project is set to be completed by the middle of 2021.

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A satellite image of the reef off Australia’s Heron Island. Vulcan, a U.S. company founded by Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft, is using satellite images to map all of the world’s tropical, shallow-water reefs. The project is set to be completed by the middle of 2021.

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«We have coral scientists at Vulcan who tell me stories about being underwater with an underwater clipboard to write down the dimensions of a reef. That doesn’t scale. To really do it effectively, we needed the ability to use satellite data,» he said.

The project, called the Allen Coral Atlas, now gets satellite images from Planet and works with National Geographic, governments, universities, and local communities, from Australia to Madagascar, to to assess tropical, shallow-water reefs.

These reefs are in trouble worldwide. But the project aims to better protect them by taking steps like re-routing shipping lanes or working with coastal villages to prevent overfishing.

The satellite data provide a detailed look at tropical reefs to a depth of about 30 feet, though not deep water reefs, which can’t be seen from space.

«Our goal is by summer of 2021 to have 100% of [shallow-water] coral reefs mapped in the atlas,» said Hilf.

From these reefs, to the desert battlefields of Syria, these eyes in the sky are changing the way we see the world.

Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him @gregmyre1.