Sex Offender Registries Often Fail Those They Are Designed To Protect

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Kristen Trogler was unable to find on a sex offender registry the man who sexually abused her when she was 5 years old.

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A federal law passed in 1994 known as the Jacob Wetterling Act requires states to establish registration programs for people convicted of sex crimes or crimes against children. The law was named for a Minnesota boy abducted by a man as the 11-year-old rode his bicycle home from the store in 1989. That law also requires states to verify addresses of convicted sex offenders every year for at least 10 years.

Since then, the laws relating to sex offenders have been amended to include such things as making the registries publicly accessible, placing certain juveniles on the registry and requiring law enforcement to notify the public when sex offenders move into the community.

Slipping through the system

NPR combed through those registries and counted tens of thousands of offenders who are considered absconders or whose locations are unknown. Among them were men whom NPR found easily using public records.

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Curtis Lang Sr. is a convicted sex offender who hasn’t registered for years. He is pictured at Meridian Hill/Malcolm X Park in Washington, D.C., in January 2020.

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Jimmy Ferguson is required to register as a sex offender every 90 days but stopped for several years, records show. Ferguson registered after NPR found him.

District of Columbia Sex Offender Registry

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District of Columbia Sex Offender Registry

Ferguson said no one came looking for him in the most obvious place — the address on his sex offender registration form. While Ferguson admitted he wasn’t complying with the registration law at the time, he has been living in the same modest second-floor apartment in Southeast D.C. for years, records show.

«I’ve been living right here going on four years,» he told NPR. «If you can find me, why the law can’t find me?»

«This is ridiculous, man. I’m not hiding,» he added.

Ferguson registered six weeks later, records show.

Alissa Ackerman, an assistant professor of criminal justice at California State University, Fullerton and a sex crimes expert, said she understands why offenders don’t register.

«The burdens that come with it are tremendous,» Ackerman says. «The shame that it brings upon you is tremendous.»

Missing but not a priority

When offenders don’t register, state officials throughout the country acknowledge, finding them can be tough. And that difficulty is made worse because law enforcement agencies often don’t place a high priority on going after them, even though authorities know the sex offenders have broken the law.

In Illinois, 12.5% of the state’s 32,249 sex offenders are missing or have failed to comply with reverification laws. Police there often catch absconders during routine traffic stops or while responding to domestic calls, according to Tracie Newton, the program administrator for the state’s sex offender and murder registries.

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«Many times, that’s how they’re found,» she says, adding that it is the job of local police or sheriff’s departments to track offenders so that they don’t abscond.

In Nevada, where 7.5% of the 29,271 offenders are missing or have failed to comply, authorities rarely check to ensure that sex offenders live where they say they do, says Mindy McKay, who oversees the records, communications and compliance division of the Nevada Department of Public Safety.

«Short of implanting a chip in someone … we can’t keep track of people like that,» she says. «If they abscond, they abscond. There’s nothing we can do about it.»

Chelsea Ross, who oversees Nevada’s sex offender registry, says the number of absconders or those who are not up to date with their registration is likely to increase because of the coronavirus. That state and others shut down in-person registration offices when the pandemic hit, forcing sex offenders to register online, by phone or by mail, and halting law enforcement efforts to do in-person verification checks.

«We didn’t do an announcement to tell the public or to tell the offenders we weren’t doing in person,» Ross says. «We thought that would open a door for people not to check in. We didn’t want offenders to say, ‘Hey, nobody’s going to be checking on us.’ «

Derek Carmon, a spokesman for the Portland Police Bureau in Oregon, says his agency has also halted residence verifications.

«Patrol officers were helping check residences of sex offenders, but since the pandemic … no checks are being completed by patrol,» Carmon says.

NPR also found at least a dozen states where some of the longest-missing offenders actually had died – something the states could have verified with their own records.

In Arkansas, for instance, authorities say Leroy Hair has been missing for nearly two decades — 7,153 days. Hair received a 40-year sentence for a 1979 rape and registered as a sex offender for life on the eve of his release in November 2000.

«He registered, then disappeared,» says Paula Stitz, manager of that state’s sex offender registry.

Public records show that Hair died in 2001.

A danger to the community again

Austin Kelly was required to register as a sex offender but absconded in both Tennessee and Oklahoma. He was later convicted again of sexual abuse.

Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Sex Offender Registry

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Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Sex Offender Registry

Mistakes in the registries can have dire consequences. NPR found examples of unregistered offenders moving undetected — sometimes from one state to another — and committing additional sex crimes.

Austin Kelly, 26, was released from prison in March 2019 after serving 10 years for attempted rape of a child in Tennessee. Officials there placed him on community supervision for life, and he was forced to register as a sex offender.

Within six weeks of leaving prison, Kelly absconded, records show. He landed a job 600 miles away in Owasso, Okla., at the Sonic Drive-In and found a place to live. He filled out a sex offender registration form, but when the Tulsa County Sheriff’s Office mailed the address verification form to him, he didn’t send it back as required by law, police said. That made him an absconder in Oklahoma, too.

Late last year, police said that Kelly walked into a McDonald’s across the street from his job and followed a 3-year-old girl and her 7-year-old brother into the men’s bathroom. He was arrested 13 days later and charged with sexual abuse of the girl, along with aggravated possession of child pornography. He was convicted in December and sentenced to 35 years in prison.

Sexual abuse survivor Kristen Trogler says she believes the system created to track sex offenders is broken.

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Kristen Trogler, a sexual abuse survivor, says she believes the system designed to track sex offenders is broken: «What’s their punishment for not registering? A little bit of time in jail? It’s not enough.»

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Robert Maurer went to jail for sexually abusing Kristen Trogler when she was in kindergarten. Once Maurer was released from prison, he failed to register as a sex offender in both Missouri and Florida.

Florida Department of Corrections

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Florida Department of Corrections

Trogler first met Maurer when she and his daughter sat next to each other in kindergarten at the Oak Hill School in St. Louis and quickly became best friends. When the class took a field trip, Trogler’s mother and Maurer chaperoned. Soon after, she allowed Maurer to babysit while she worked.

That’s when the inappropriate touching began.

«It started off slowly,» Trogler recalls. «I remember thinking it was not right.»

Five years after his release for that crime, police arrested Maurer for molesting two girls, ages 12 and 13, in his home over a two-year period. Maurer pled guilty in 1998 to child molestation and statutory sodomy, and received a 10-year sentence.

After being released in December 2007, Maurer moved to Florida and ignored the requirement to register. He was charged with failure to register and got a six-year prison sentence.

Maurer was released in August 2013 and returned to Missouri without reporting his new address within three days, as required by law. While an absconder, Maurer sexually abused another 12-year-old girl — a relative with whom he lived. Authorities charged him with statutory sodomy and failure to register as a sex offender.

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Kristen Trogler keeps family photos, including one of her as a baby and then as a mother with her three children.

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Prescription drugs sit on a table in Trogler’s home in St. Louis. She suffers from depression and anxiety because of sexual abuse she suffered as a child.

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Prescription drugs sit on a table in Trogler’s home in St. Louis. She suffers from depression and anxiety because of sexual abuse she suffered as a child.

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Trogler’s dining room table is filled with prescription bottles: pills for anxiety, depression and bipolar disorder. She sees a therapist, a decision she made three years ago.

«He’s a monster,» she says about Maurer. «He stole everything from me. I hate him.»

Trogler says law enforcement fail people like her and others by not keeping track of offenders who don’t register and abscond.

«The system is broken,» Trogler says. «I don’t know if there is a way to fix it.»

Researcher Barbara Van Woerkom contributed to this report.